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浅析债权人的代位权诉讼/李民

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浅析债权人的代位权诉讼

李 民

  
我国《合同法》第七十三条规定,因债务人怠于行使其到期债权,对债权人造成损害的,债权人可以向人民法院请求以自己的名义代位行使债务人的债权,但该债权专属于债务人自身的除外;代位权的行使以债权人的债权为限,债权人行使代位权的必要费用,由债务人负担。所谓债权人代位权,是“指债权人享有的为保全其债权,当债务人怠于行使其权利而危及债权人权利的实现时,以自己的名义直接行使债务人权利的权利。”[1]从我国合同法的规定看,我国规定的是“代位诉权”,最高法院称之为代位权诉讼制度,即债权人只能通过诉讼行使代位权。代位诉权包括债权人以自己的名义对次债务人提起诉讼、申请强制执行、申请诉讼保全等一系列诉讼权利。合同法对债权人代位诉讼的规定,突出了对债权人的保护,具有重大积极的意义。学界有关这方面的文章已经很多,但是司法实践对这一新生事物还比较陌生,有许多理论和实践问题有待于进一步研究。笔者在此不揣冒昧,试图就一些重要问题作一简单探讨分析,就教于学界同仁。
  一、债权人代位诉讼制度的目的
  研究代位诉讼制度,必须首先明确设定该制度的目的。合同法之所以要设立代位诉讼制度,是因为债务人怠于行使对次债务人债权的行为损害了债权人的利益,为保护债权人的利益特赋予债权人特定的诉权。按照一般的诉权理论,行使诉权的人必须是争议的法律关系的当事人,即案件的直接利害关系人。按照债的相对性原理,债权债务只发生在特定的当事人之间,当事人不能对次债务人主张权利,次债务人也不能对当事人主张该债权。依据上述分析,代位权似乎缺乏理论依据。但如果拘泥于一般的诉权理论和传统的债的相对性理念,不利于保护权利人的利益。案件非直接利害关系人可以为他人的利益提起诉讼,这已有先例,如遗产管理人和破产清算人虽然不是直接利害关系人,但可以提起诉讼,再如死者的近亲属为保护死者的名誉权可以提起诉讼。因此,在特定情况下应该赋予非直接利害关系人诉权,以保护有关的权益。在债务人怠于行使其债权损害了债权人利益的场合,如果不允许债权人为自己的利益代位诉讼,不仅会纵容债务人的恶意行为,使债权人的利益无法得到应有的保护,而且久而久之,会培植不良的市场经济秩序和商业道德。其次,债权人代位权是债之固有权,是“以行使他人权利为内容的管理权”,[2]是债的保全制度的发展。因此,代位诉讼制度通过将债务人的诉权赋予债权人来体现对债权人的保护,保全债权人的债权,并限制债务人的诉权,让债务人承担必要费用,以示对债务人的惩罚。最后,债务人怠于行使债权侵害债权人的利益,违背了诚信原则,基于诚信原则,应当给予债权人必要的救济。
  从上述,代位诉权是维持市场经济秩序的客观要求,有比较充分的理论依据。各国设立代位诉权制度的目的也在于赋予债权人必要的救济,以保全其债权。代位诉讼的司法实务应当从该制度的目的出发来操作。当然,对如何保全债权学者们可能有不同的看法。笔者认为保全债权应当真正体现对债权的保全,如果债权人不能直接取得保全债权的利益或者一种优先受偿权的话,恐怕会极大地减损债权保全的意义,特别是在债务人资产不良和其债权人为多数时更是如此。所以,《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国合同法〉若干问题的解释(一)》(以下简称《合同法解释》)第二十条规定:债权人向次债务人提起的代位权诉讼经人民法院审理后认定代位权成立的,由次债务人向债权人履行清偿义务,债权人与债务人、债务人与次债务人之间相应的债权债务关系即予消灭。这一解释正是体现了对债权人的真正关怀,对于解决三角债、连环债以及执行难都有现实的积极意义[3]。
  二、代位诉权与一般诉权
  诉权是法律所保障的进入诉讼程序以保护自己的权利。世界各国民诉法对诉权均没有限制,对诉权的保障也体现了一种诉讼人权。但对于是否需要对债权人行使代位诉权予以一定的限制,学者们可能有不同的意见。持肯定意见的人认为,债权人的代位诉权是一种法定的间接诉权,与一般直接诉权还是有一定的差别。如果允许债权人任意对与其无直接利害关系的次债务人提起诉讼,使次债务人随意遭受讼累,对次债务人是非常不公平的。因此,债权人提起代位诉讼,必须提供确切证据证明下列事实:债权人对于债务人的债权确实存在,债务人怠于行使对次债务人的债权且对债权人造成了损害,债权人代位行使的权利不专属于债务人的权利。对代位诉讼权进行限制的依据是次债务人与债权人应当得到同等的保护,如果只偏重于对债权人的保护,难免会现对代位诉权的滥用,对与债权人无直接利害关系的次债务人是不公平的。持反对意见的人则认为既然同为诉权,就应平等对待,就一般诉权来说也存在滥用的问题,对滥用诉权的制裁已刻不容缓,不应以诉权滥用来限制当事人的诉权,否则将使代位诉权流于形式,这在一般诉权已有前车之鉴。
  笔者倾向于后一种观点。前一种观点所主张的起诉条件是不符合诉讼逻辑的,这些问题是法院在审理过程中应查明的,并且在判决理由或判决中都要做出判断,法院对此进行判断的目的在于明确债权人是否享有代位权,这构成实体审理的一部分。因此将此列为诉权的条件是不合理的,是对诉权的不当限制。限制诉权的弊端是显而易见的,“告状难”正是限制诉权、不尊重诉权的恶果。
  三、债权人代位诉讼的诉讼标的
  对债权人代位诉讼的诉讼标的,学者间有分歧。一种观点认为债权人代位诉讼有两个诉讼标的,一为代位权,即债权人是否享有代位权,另一标的为债务人与次债务人之间的权利义务关系。第二种观点则认为债权人代位诉讼的标的只有一个,即债务人与次债务人之间的权利义务关系。认为债权人代位诉讼是债权人以自己的名义为原告,以次债务人为被告,行使债务人对次债务人的权利。债权人行使代位权指向的是次债务人向债务人履行债务,而非向自己履行;其代位权本身并不构成诉讼请求的内容,法院对代位权的判断,仅仅是判断其是否对债务人与次债务人之间的权利义务关系享有诉讼实施权,在债权人胜诉时,仅在判决理由中说明,判决主文中即诉讼标的部分只能是债务人与次债务人之间的权利义务关系,而非债权人与次债务人之间的权利义务关系。[4]因此,债权人代位诉讼的诉讼标的为债务人与次债务人之间的权利义务关系。就传统的代位诉讼制度来说,笔者以为第一种观点较为妥当,理由如下:   1、按照传统的诉讼标的理论,诉讼标的为原告起诉所主张的权利义务关系。债权人代位诉讼中债权人的主张我们可以剖析如下:债权人对债务人享有债权,债务人怠于行使债权且对债权人造成了损害,债权人要求法院确认其代位权;债权人享有代位权,债权人代位要求法院判决次债务人对债务人履行义务。因此,法院不仅对债权人是否享有代位权判断,而且也要对代位权的对象即债务人与次债务人之间的权利义务关系判断。2、如果仅仅承认后一判断为诉讼标的的话,那么,在代位诉讼后,就不能以既判力阻止债权人就同一事实再次提起代位诉讼,这显然不符合诉讼经济原则。3、承认两个诉讼标的,可以直接将债务人纳入诉讼中,即债务人为当然的当事人(被告之一),使其在诉讼中有攻击防御的机会(如就其是否怠于行使债权进行抗辩),从而受既判力约束。将债务人直接纳入代位诉讼,也有利于债权人在诉讼中一并向债务人提出行使代位权所支出的必要费用请求。4、承认两个诉讼标的,有助于理清债权人、债务人和次债务人在诉讼中的关系。对前一个诉讼标的的争议,债务人和次债务人是盟友,可以共同对抗债权人;对后一诉讼标的,如果前一标的债权人胜诉,债权人就担当债务人与次债务人就后一标的进行争议,债务人对后一标的就不能再进行有关诉讼行为,除非对债权人有利。最后,两个标的的意义还在于对债务人所有债权人的公平保护。如果,按照一标的说,在一债权人提起代位诉讼后其他债权人不能再提起代位诉讼,如果其他债权人不能通过参与分配制度实现债权,对其非常不利,难免使代位权因起诉时间先后而有优劣之分。因此,笔者主张代位诉讼有两个诉讼标的。尽管债权人代位诉讼有两个诉讼标的,但这两个标的是有牵连的,前一标的的审理是法院对后一标的进行审理的前提。两者的联系还表现法院应对债务人对次债务人的债权作出同一判断上。债务人是否对次债务人享有债权,在前一标的中仅仅是债权人享有代位权的理由之一,但又构成独立的诉讼标的,法院对之应同时审理,同一判断。
  上述分析对传统的代位诉讼是适用的,但在最高法院作出新规定的情况下,笔者以为这又有所不同:如果债权人的债权已为法院的确定判决所确定,诉讼标的基本适用上述分析,但略有不同;若债权人的债权未经法院判决确定,那么,债权人代位诉讼除包括上述标的外,还应当包括债权人对债务人提起的另一诉,构成两个诉的合并。我们可以把《合同法解释》规定的制度做如下拆分:债权人对债务人的提起债权之诉,债权人代位债务人对次债务人提起的诉讼,债权人对债务人的申请强制执行程序,债权人代位债务人对次债务人的申请强制执行程序。《合同法解释》对上述制度的整合简化后,规定次债务人直接向债权人给付,这实质上将代位权最后变成了对次债务人的请求权。从上述分析我们可得知,我国代位诉讼制度是对几个程序的简化处理,是否妥当还有待于商榷。因此,在债权人在其债权未经法院确定判决确定以前提起诉讼的,代位诉讼的标的有三个;如果其债权已确定,那么诉讼标的有两个。这么认识也有助于诉讼费用的收缴,防止债权人逃避交纳应交的诉讼费用。下面在再探讨几个具体问题。
  (一)、债权人的诉讼请求
  有人认为债权人可请求次债务人对自己直接履行,这更加符合诉讼经济原则和保全债权的目的,否则,债权人辛辛苦苦一场得来的财产仍然为债务人的财产,成为债务人对其所有债权人的的债权共同财产担保,这是非常不公平的。因此主张代位诉讼可以请求次债务人直接向自己履行义务。另一种意见则认为,法律设置代位诉讼制度的目的在于保全债权人的债权,而非实际实现其对债务人的债权,因此,债权人只能以自己的名义请求法院判决次债务人向债务人履行债务,而不能要求直接向自己履行,这也决定了代位诉讼的诉讼标的为债务人与次债务人之间的债权债务关系。如果债权人因为代位诉讼而直接取得行使代位权的利益的话,就违背了债的相对性规则和债权的平等原则,也突破了债权的性质,将债权转化为一种物权。[5]
  (二)在代位诉讼系属中债务人能否自行起诉
  一种观点认为前后诉不存在一事不再理问题,两诉可以并存,如果判决结果不同的话,债权人可以选择对债务人有利的判决对次债务人主张效力。另一种观点则认为两诉当事人、诉讼标的都相同,法院应以重复起诉为由不予受理,再者,如果允许两诉并存,将使次债务人因同一纠纷受两次诉讼折磨,对次债务人是不公平的,假如次债务人两诉均败诉的话,还要承担两次诉讼费用,而债权人可以选择有利判决,相比之下更显不公,与诉讼经济和防止矛盾裁判原则相矛盾。笔者基本赞同第二种观点。既然债务人的诉权已由债权人行使,债务人没有理由再行使诉权,尽管其诉权是直接诉权。债务人的诉权由债权人行使也是对债务人怠于行使债权的惩罚。同时,根据诉讼标的理论和一事不再理原则,债务人与次债务人之间的权利义务关系已经确定或者争议正在系属中,一般不应允许债务人自行起诉。但如果债务人自行在别的法院起诉,且次债务人也未进行抗辩,次债务人可以违背一事不再理否认后诉的效力,但对此造成损失(如诉讼费用等)应自行负担。但如果债务人就代位诉讼之外的债权另行起诉,由于法律并未规定这部分诉权也转移与债权人,那么,就不受一事不再理的限制,该部分诉权仍由债务人行使。
  (三)代位诉讼确定判决的既判力的主观范围
  既判力的主观范围是指既判力及于哪些人。代位诉讼的确定判决的效力是否及于债务人,学者们有不同意见。第一种观点认为效力不及于债务人,因为债务人并非诉讼当事人,基于判决的相对性原理,判决只对债权人和次债务人生效,不能拘束债务人。第二种观点则持肯定说,认为既然债权人代位债务人进行诉讼,债权人仅为形式上的当事人,债务人为实质上的当事人,判决效力不仅及于债权人和次债务人,还应及于债务人,否则代位诉讼就无实际意义。第三种观点持有限肯定说,认为债权人在胜诉时判决效力才及于债务人,因为如果债务人不知道债权人代位诉讼,因债权人未主张或举证而败诉,对债务人是不公平的。笔者同意第二种观点。其理由如下:1、当事人是否相同,应以实质为准,不能完全根据形式判断。例如,非法人的其他组织为诉讼当事人时,判决效力当然及于对其负责的组织,不能以该组织未参加诉讼为由否认判决的效力。因此,即使债务人不为代位诉讼的程序当事人,也应受既判力约束。2、前已述及,代位诉讼的诉讼标的之一为债务人和次债务人之间的权利义务关系,代位诉讼的直接结果也应归属于债务人。3、代位诉讼起因于债务人怠于行使债权,代位诉权是对债务人的惩罚。[6]
  四、债务人在诉讼中的地位
  债务人是否为被告、无独立请求权的第三人还是有独立请求权的第三人呢?有学者主张债务人为代位诉讼的被告,认为代位诉讼因债务人怠于行使债权而起,债务人与此有过错,债权人提起代位诉讼有将债务人列为被告的理由,同时诉讼费用的承担也需要将债务人作为被告同案处理。但也有学者认为,由于代位诉讼是债权人以自己的名义代为债务人行使对次债务人的债权,债务人为实际上的当事人,债权人仅为形式上的当事人,因此,债务人没有必要与次债务人一起成为被告。此外,还有人认为是无独立请求权的第三人,有人认为是有独立请求权的次债务。[7]笔者认为,债务人在诉讼中的地位处于被告的地位,理由如下:1、债权人是否享有代位权,取决于债务人是否怠于行使债权,这一事实的查明必须有债务人参与,债务人也有权对此进行抗辩,在这一点上债权人与债务人是对立的,债权人与债务人之间的关系显然是原被告之间的关系。2、债务人就其对次债务人的债权也有权进行攻击防御,但这种攻击防御要受制于债权人,对债权人有利的诉讼行为才能有效,这一尴尬的地位不能是原告的地位,而是起因于其过错而在诉讼中处于一种特殊的地位,这一地位表现在其虽然为权利人,但其权利却在诉讼中受到限制。这一地位虽类似于无独立请求权的第三人,但由于债务人既与原告对立,又与被告对立,在债务人与次债务人之间的法律关系中是实质的当事人,这与无独立请求权的第三人是不同的。3、如果不将其定位为被告,容易使债务人的地位不确定。在债务人不被列为被告的情况下,债务人可能成为有独立请求权的第三人。因为有独立请求权的第三人是既不同意原告的意见,也不同意被告的意见,以原告和被告为共同被告提起诉讼而参加到本诉中来。在诉讼中债务人可能既不同意原告的意见,也不同意被告的意见,这样债务人就可以作为有独立请求权的次债务人参加诉讼。在债务人不作为有独立请求权的第三人参加诉讼时,债务人又可能成为无独立请求权的第三人。这种不确定的地位不仅容易造成混乱,使法官无所适从,而且无法赋予债务人优厚的程序保障。由于代位权诉讼不仅剥夺债务人的诉权,这对债务人的实体权利有直接影响,而且按照《合同法解释》,债权人在代位诉讼中可以越过债务人直接实现债权,这对债务人的权利影响之大,仅靠一从属性的第三人地位是不够的。同时,案情的查明,债权人与次债务人恶意串通的防止,也都客观上应赋予债务人当事人的诉讼地位,这也是第三人制度所无法作到的(有学者提出将债务人列为必须参加诉讼的第三人,或者由法院书面告知债务人,以赋予其应有程序保障,[8]正是考虑到了对债务人的程序保障)。无论如何,《合同法解释》下的代位诉讼判决的正当性,程序之易操作性,要求债务人地位的恒定化,客观上要求债务人在诉讼中处于被告的地位,这也有助于解决上述问题三中的(二)、 (三)项。
  五、代位诉讼的必要费用应由谁承担
  根据诉讼费用应由败诉方承担的原则,必要费用不应当包括诉讼费用,这并无争议。必要费用应当为债权人为代位诉讼而多支出的费用,但不包括债权人对债务人提起诉讼而支出的费用(和代位诉讼一并提起时亦如此),具体包括按照国家规定的标准支付的律师费用以及误工费、差旅费等。那么这些费用应由何人承担呢?这可以分为两种情况:债权人胜诉和债权人败诉。在债权人胜诉的情况下,债权人代位行使诉权有理由,其为诉讼支出的必要费用,应当由债务人承担,因为诉讼是因为债务人怠于行使债权所引起,债务人具有过错,其理所当然地应负担这些费用。在债权人败诉时,由于其提起诉讼无正当根据,因此支出的费用应自负,不应当转嫁到债务人的头上。这些必要费用在有其他债权人参与分配时,应优先从实现的债权中拨付。


  注释:
  [1]江伟主编:《民事诉讼法学原理》,中国人民大学出版社1999年版,第899页
  [2]史尚宽:《债法总论》,中国政法大学2000年版,第463页。。
  [3]韩林成、张伟:《论债权人的代位权》,载《政法论丛》2000年第一期。
  [4]杨建华著:《民事诉讼法问题研析(三)》,台湾三民书局1998年版,第363页。
  [5]王利明 崔建远著:《合同法新论》,中国政法大学出版社1996年版,第400页
  [6]即使债务人不是作为被告参加诉讼,也应当受既判力拘束,上述理由已十分充分。从既判力的角度出发,债务人为既判力所拘束,也决定了债务人作为被告参加诉讼是比较合适的。
  [7]参见戚兆波:《谈代位权诉讼主体》。
  [8]参见赵钢、刘学在:《论代位权诉讼》,载于《法学研究》2000年第六期。




江苏省句容市人民法院



关于在全国检察机关实行“检务公开”的决定

最高人民检察院


关于在全国检察机关实行“检务公开”的决定

为落实十五大精神,努力实践依法治国的基本方略,自觉接受人民群众和社会各界的监督,保证检察机关公正司法,最高人民检察院决定在全国检察机关普遍实行“检务公开”。

一、充分认识实行“检务公正”的重要意义。实行“检务公正”,增大检察工作透明度,是检察机关接受群众监督,依靠广大人民群众做好检察工作,正确履行法律监督职能,依法办事、公正司法、文明办案的重要保障,是促进检察干警增强政治素质和业务素质,提高执法水平,开创检察工作新局面的有力措施。各级检察机关和广大检察干警要从依法治国的高度,以对党对人民对检察事业负责的态度,充分认识实行“检务公正”的重要意义,采取切实有效的措施,推行“检务公开”。要把实行“检务公开”作为检察改革的重要内容,以改革的精神,解放思想,锐意进取,开拓创新,破除检察工作中的神秘主义,切实公开检察活动,真诚欢迎监督,自觉接受监督。用人民拥护不拥护,赞成不赞成,满意不满意作为检验检察工作的根本标准。

二、“检务公开”的内容包括:

(一)人民检察院的性质、任务和职权,内部机构设置情况及工作职能;

(二)人民检察院司法活动的法律依据;

(三)人民检察院的活动原则、工作制度、规程和要求;

(四)人民检察院直接受理立案标准等;

(五)诉讼参与人的权利、义务;

(六)人民检察院受理举报、控告、申诉和复查案件的工作规程;

(七)人民检察院及其工作人员办案纪律规范;

(八)人民检察院及其工作人民违法违纪行为的举报、控告途径、方法;

三、采取多种形式实行“检务公开”。

(一)通过报刊、电台、电视等新闻媒介,公布和宣传“检务公开”的具体内容;

(二)采用设置专栏、制作牌匾和印发小册子等形式公布“检务公开”的内容;

(三)检察人员执行公务活动要通报姓名、身份和执行检察活动的事由,告知公务对象有关法定权利和义务等必须知道的具体内容,告之对检察公务活动如有异议,可以投诉及其投诉办法。

四、在“检务公开”中落实群众监督。要不折不扣地依照已经公开的各项制度办事,绝不允许搞形式主义。要虚心听取人民群众和社会各界的意见,改进检察工作。对群众举报不严格执行法律、制度、纪律规定的,要认真纠正,情节严重的,要按照《检察官纪律处分暂行规定》严肃处理。

五、把加强检察机关的内部建设作为“检务公开”的基础,以内部建设保证“检务公开”,以“检务公开”促进内部建设。要全面提高广大检察干警的政治、业务素质,强化各项管理工作,健全内部监督制约机制,规范工作秩序,加强基础建设,提高执法水平。

六、不断规范和完善“检务公开”制度。在实践中不断探索、总结和推行“检务公开”制度,加快规范化步伐。

七、加强对“检务公开”的领导。各级人民检察院实行“检务公开”的各项工作要在今年年底之前基本完成。对各地检察机关,特别是基层检察院实行“检务公开”的落实情况,要督促落实,定期检查,发现问题,及时解决。

最高人民检察院

一九九八年十月二十五日



中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例实施细则(附英文)

财政部


中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例实施细则(附英文)

1993年12月25日,财政部

细则
第一条 根据《中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例》(以下简称条例)第二十八条的规定,制定本细则。
第二条 条例第一条所称货物,是指有形动产,包括电力、热力、气体在内。
条例第一条所称加工,是指受托加工货物,即委托方提供原料及主要材料,受托方按照委托方的要求制造货物并收取加工费的业务。
条例第一条所称修理修配,是指受托对损伤和丧失功能的货物进行修复,使其恢复原状和功能的业务。
第三条 条例第一条所称销售货物,是指有偿转让货物的所有权。
条例第一条所称提供加工、修理修配劳务,是指有偿提供加工、修理修配劳务。但单位或个体经营者聘用的员工为本单位或雇主提供加工、修理修配劳务,不包括在内。
本细则所称有偿,包括从购买方取得货币、货物或其他经济利益。
第四条 单位或个体经营者的下列行为,视同销售货物:
(一)将货物交付他人代销;
(二)销售代销货物;
(三)设有两个以上机构并实行统一核算的纳税人,将货物从一个机构移送其他机构用于销售,但相关机构设在同一县(市)的除外;
(四)将自产或委托加工的货物用于非应税项目;
(五)将自产、委托加工或购买的货物作为投资,提供给其他单位或个体经营者;
(六)将自产、委托加工或购买的货物分配给股东或投资者;
(七)将自产、委托加工的货物用于集体福利或个人消费;
(八)将自产、委托加工或购买的货物无偿赠送他人。
第五条 一项销售行为如果既涉及货物又涉及非应税劳务,为混合销售行为。从事货物的生产、批发或零售的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者的混合销售行为,视为销售货物,应当征收增值税;其他单位和个人的混合销售行为,视为销售非应税劳务,不征收增值税。
纳税人的销售行为是否属于混合销售行为,由国家税务总局所属征收机关确定。
本条第一款所称非应税劳务,是指属于应缴营业税的交通运输业、建筑业、金融保险业、邮电通信业、文化体育业、娱乐业、服务业税目征收范围的劳务。
本条第一款所称从事货物的生产、批发或零售的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者,包括以从事货物的生产、批发或零售为主,并兼营非应税劳务的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者在内。
第六条 纳税人兼营非应税劳务的,应分别核算货物或应税劳务和非应税劳务的销售额。不分别核算或者不能准确核算的,其非应税劳务应与货物或应税劳务一并征收增值税。
纳税人兼营的非应税劳务是否应当一并征收增值税,由国家税务总局所属征收机关确定。
第七条 条例第一条所称在中华人民共和国境内(以下简称境内)销售货物,是指所销售的货物的起运地或所在地在境内;
条例第一条所称在境内销售应税劳务,是指所销售的应税劳务发生在境内。
第八条 条例第一条所称单位,是指国有企业、集体企业、私有企业、股份制企业、其他企业和行政单位、事业单位、军事单位、社会团体及其他单位。
条例第一条所称个人,是指个体经营者及其他个人。
第九条 企业租赁或承包给他人经营的,以承租人或承包人为纳税人。
第十条 纳税人销售不同税率货物或应税劳务,并兼营应属一并征收增值税的非应税劳务的,其非应税劳务应从高适用税率。
第十一条 小规模纳税人以外的纳税人(以下简称一般纳税人)因销货退回或折让而退还给购买方的增值税额,应从发生销货退回或折让当期的销项税额中扣减,因进货退出或折让而收回的增值税额,应从发生进货退出或折让当期的进项税额中扣减。
第十二条 条例第六条所称价外费用,是指价外向购买方收取的手续费、补贴、基金、集资费返还利润、奖励费、违约金(延期付款利息)、包装费、包装物租金、储备费、优质费、运输装卸费、代收款项、代垫款项及其他各种性质的价外收费。但下列项目不包括在内:
(一)向购买方收取的销项税额;
(二)受托加工应征消费税的消费品所代收代缴的消费税;
(三)同时符合以下条件的代垫运费:
1.承运部门的运费发票开具给购货方的;
2.纳税人将该项发票转交给购货方的。
凡价外费用,无论其会计制度如何核算,均应并入销售额计算应纳税额。
第十三条 混合销售行为和兼营的非应税劳务,依照本细则第五条、第六条规定应当征收增值税的,其销售额分别为货物与非应税劳务的销售额的合计,货物或者应税劳务与非应税劳务的销售额的合计。
第十四条 一般纳税人销售货物或者应税劳务采用销售额和销项税额合并定价方法的,按下列公式计算销售额:
含税销售额
销售额=-------
1+税率
第十五条 根据条例第六条的规定,纳税人按外汇结算销售额的,其销售额的人民币折合率可以选择销售额发生的当天或当月1日的国家外汇牌价(原则上为中间价)。纳税人应在事先确定采用何种折合率,确定后一年内不得变更。
第十六条 纳税人有条例第七条所称价格明显偏低并无正当理由或者有本细则第四条所列视同销售货物行为而无销售额者,按下列顺序确定销售额:
(一)按纳税人当月同类货物的平均销售价格确定;
(二)按纳税人最近时期同类货物的平均销售价格确定;
(三)按组成计税价格确定。组成计税价格的公式为:
组成计税价格=成本×(1+成本利润率)
属于应征消费税的货物,其组成计税价格中应加计消费税额。
公式中的成本是指:销售自产货物的为实际生产成本,销售外购货物的为实际采购成本。公式中的成本利润率由国家税务总局确定。
第十七条 条例第八条第三款所称买价,包括纳税人购进免税农业产品支付给农业生产者的价款和按规定代收代缴的农业特产税。
前款所称价款,是指经主管税务机关批准使用的收购凭证上注明的价款。
第十八条 混合销售行为和兼营的非应税劳务,依照本细则第五条、第六条的规定应当征收增值税的,该混合销售行为所涉及的非应税劳务和兼营的非应税劳务所用购进货物的进项税额,符合条例第八条规定的,准予从销项税额中抵扣。
第十九条 条例第十条所称固定资产是指:
(一)使用期限超过一年的机器、机械、运输工具以及其他与生产经营有关的设备、工具、器具;
(二)单位价值在2000元以上,并且使用年限超过两年的不属于生产经营主要设备的物品。
第二十条 条例第十条所称非应税项目,是指提供非应税劳务、转让无形资产、销售不动产和固定资产在建工程等。
纳税人新建、改建、扩建、修缮、装饰建筑物,无论会计制度规定如何核算,均属于前款所称固定资产在建工程。
第二十一条 条例第十条所称非正常损失,是指生产经营过程中正常损耗外的损失,包括:
(一)自然灾害损失;
(二)因管理不善造成货物被盗窃、发生霉烂变质等损失;
(三)其他非正常损失。
第二十二条 已抵扣进项税额的购进货物或应税劳务发生条例第十条第(二)至(六)项所列情况的,应将该项购进货物或应税劳务的进项税额从当期发生的进项税额中扣减。无法准确确定该项进项税额的,按当期实际成本计算应扣减的进项税额。
第二十三条 纳税人兼营免税项目或非应税项目(不包括固定资产在建工程)而无法准确划分不得抵扣的进项税额的,按下列公式计算不得抵扣的进项税额。
当月免税项目销售额、
不得抵 当月全 非应税项目营业额合计扣的进=部进项×----------项税额 税 额 当月全部销售额、
营业额合计
第二十四条 条例第十一条所称小规模纳税人的标准规定如下:
(一)从事货物生产或提供应税劳务的纳税人,以及以从事货物生产或提供应税劳务为主,并兼营货物批发或零售的纳税人,年应征增值税销售额(以下简称应税销售额)在100万元以下的;
(二)从事货物批发或零售的纳税人,年应税销售额在180万元以下的。
年应税销售额超过小规模纳税人标准的个人、非企业性单位、不经常发生应税行为的企业,视同小规模纳税人纳税。
第二十五条 小规模纳税人的销售额不包括其应纳税额。
小规模纳税人销售货物或应税劳务采用销售额和应纳税额合并定价方法的,按下列公式计算销售额:
含税销售额
销售额=-------
1+征收率
第二十六条 小规模纳税人因销货退回或折让退还给购买方的销售额,应从发生销货退回或折让当期的销售额中扣减。
第二十七条 条例第十四条所称会计核算健全,是指能按会计制度和税务机关的要求准确核算销项税额、进项税额和应纳税额。
第二十八条 个体经营者符合条例第十四条所定条件的,经国家税务总局直属分局批准,可以认定为一般纳税人。
第二十九条 小规模纳税人一经认定为一般纳税人后,不得再转为小规模纳税人。
第三十条 一般纳税人有下列情形之一者,应按销售额依照增值税税率计算应纳税额,不得抵扣进项税额,也不得使用增值税专用发票。
(一)会计核算不健全,或者不能够提供准确税务资料的;
(二)符合一般纳税人条件,但不申请办理一般纳税人认定手续的。
第三十一条 条例第十六条所列部分免税项目的范围,限定如下:
(一)第一款第(一)项所称农业,是指种植业、养殖业、林业、牧业、水产业。
农业生产者,包括从事农业生产的单位和个人。
农业产品,是指初级农业产品,具体范围由国家税务总局直属分局确定。
(二)第一款第(三)项所称古旧图书,是指向社会收购的古书和旧书。
(三)第一款第(八)项所称物品,是指游艇、摩托车、应征消费税的汽车以外的货物。
自己使用过的物品,是指本细则第八条所称其他个人自己使用过的物品。
第三十二条 条例第十八条所称增值税起征点的适用范围只限于个人。
增值税起征点的幅度规定如下:
(一)销售货物的起征点为月销售额600—2000元。
(二)销售应税劳务的起征点为月销售额200—800元。
(三)按次纳税的起征点为每次(日)销售额50—80元。
前款所称销售额,是指本细则第二十五条第一款所称小规模纳税人的销售额。
国家税务总局直属分局应在规定的幅度内,根据实际情况确定本地区适用的起征点,并报国家税务总局备案。
第三十三条 条例第十九条第(一)项规定的销售货物或者应税劳务的纳税义务发生时间,按销售结算方式的不同,具体为:
(一)采取直接收款方式销售货物,不论货物是否发出,均为收到销售额或取得索取销售额的凭据,并将提货单交给买方的当天;
(二)采取托收承付和委托银行收款方式销售货物,为发出货物并办妥托收手续的当天;
(三)采取赊销和分期收款方式销售货物,为按合同约定的收款日期的当天;
(四)采取预收货款方式销售货物,为货物发出的当天;
(五)委托其他纳税人代销货物,为收到代销单位销售的代销清单的当天;
(六)销售应税劳务,为提供劳务同时收讫销售额或取得索取销售额的凭据的当天;
(七)纳税人发生本细则第四条第(三)项至第(八)项所列视同销售货物行为,为货物移送的当天。
第三十四条 境外的单位或个人在境内销售应税劳务而在境内未设有经营机构的,其应纳税款以代理人为扣缴义务人;没有代理人的,以购买者为扣缴义务人。
第三十五条 非固定业户到外县(市)销售货物或者应税劳务未向销售地主管税务机关申报纳税的,由其机构所在地或者居住地主管税务机关补征税款。
第三十六条 条例第二十条所称税务机关,是指国家税务总局及其所属征收机关。
条例和本细则所称主管税务机关、征收机关,均指国家税务总局所属支局以上税务机关。
第三十七条 本细则所称“以上”、“以下”,均含本数或本级。
第三十八条 本细则由财政部解释,或者由国家税务总局解释。
第三十九条 本细则从条例施行之日起实施。1984年9月28日财政部颁发的《中华人民共和国增值税条例(草案)实施细则》、《中华人民共和国产品税条例(草案)实施细则》同时废止。

DETAILED RULE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROVISIONAL REGULATIONOF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON VALUE-ADDED TAX

(Ministry of Finance: 25 December 1993)

Whole Doc.
Article 1
These Detailed Rules are formulated in accordance with the
stipulations of Article 28 of the Republic of China on Value-Added Tax> (hereinafter referred to as "the
Regulations").
Article 2
"Goods" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
tangible moveable goods, including electricity, heat, and gas.
"Processing" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
the business of contracting to process goods, where the contractor
supplies the raw material and major materials and the subcontractor
manufactures the goods in accordance with the requirements of the
contractor and receives a processing fee.
"Repairs and replacement" as mentioned in Article 1 of the
Regulations refers to the business of contracting to carry out repairs of
damaged or malfunctioned goods, so as to restore the goods to their
original conditions and functions.
Article 3
"Sales of goods" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers
to the transfer of the ownership of goods for any consideration.
"Provision of processing, repairs and replacement services" as
mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to the provision of
processing, repairs and replacement services for any consideration.
However the provision of processing, repairs and replacement services by
the staff employed by the units or individual business operators for their
units or employers shall not be included.
"Consideration" as mentioned in these Detailed Rules includes money,
goods or any economic benefit obtained from the purchasers.
Article 4
The following activities of units or individual operators shall be
deemed as sales of goods:
(1) Consignment of goods to others for sale;
(2) Sale of goods under consignment;
(3) Transfer of goods from one establishment to other establishments
for sale by a taxpayer that maintains two or more establishments and
adopts consolidated accounting, unless the relevant establishments are
maintained in the same county (or city);
(4) Application of self-produced or processed goods to produce
non-taxable items;
(5) Provision of self-produced, processed or purchased goods to other
units or individual operators as investments;
(6) Distribution of self-produced, processed or purchased goods to
shareholders or investors;
(7) Use of self-produced or processed goods for collective welfare or
personal consumption;
(8) Giving out self-produced, processed or purchased goods to others
as free gifts.
Article 5
A sales activity that involves goods and non-taxable services shall
be a mixed sales activity. Mixed sales activities of enterprises,
enterprise units or individual business operators engaged in production,
wholesaling or retailing of goods shall be regarded as sales of goods
which shall be subject to VAT. Mixed sales activities of other units or
individuals shall be regarded as sales of non-taxable services which shall
not be subject to VAT.
Whether a taxpayer's sales activity is a mixed sales activity shall
be determined by the tax collecting authorities under the State
Administration of Taxation.
"Non-taxable services" as mentioned in the first paragraph of this
Article refers to the services subject to Business Tax within the scope of
the taxable items of communications and transportation, construction,
finance and insurance, posts and telecommunications, culture and sports,
entertainment, and service industries.
"Enterprises, enterprise units or individual business operators
engaged in production, wholesaling or retailing of goods" as mentioned in
the first paragraph of this Article includes enterprises, enterprise
units, and individual business operators principally engaged in the
production, wholesaling or retailing of goods and also engaged in
non-taxable services.
Article 6
Taxpayers also engaged in non-taxable services shall account
separately for the sales amount of goods and taxable services and
non-taxable services. Without separate accounting or where accurate
accounting cannot be made, the non-taxable services and goods and taxable
services shall together be subject to VAT.
Whether non-taxable services so engaged by the taxpayer shall be
subject to VAT shall be determined by the tax collecting authorities under
the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 7
"Sales of goods within the territory of the People's Republic of
China" (hereinafter referred to as "within the territory") as mentioned in
Article 1 of the Regulations refers to the place of despatch or the
location of the goods sold is within the territory.
"Sales of taxable services in the territory" as mentioned in Article
1 of the Regulations refers to the sales of taxable services that takes
place within the territory.
Article 8
"Units" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
State-owned enterprises, collectively owned enterprises, privately- owned
enterprises, joint-stock enterprises, other enterprises, administrative
units, institutions, military units, social organizations and other units.
"Individuals" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
individual business operators and other individuals.
Article 9
For enterprises which lease or contract to others for management, the
lessees or the sub-contractors shall be the taxpayers.
Article 10
Taxpayers selling goods or taxable services with different tax rates
and also engaged in non-taxable services which shall be subject to VAT,
the highest of the tax rates on goods or taxable services shall apply to
the non taxable services.
Article 11
For taxpayers other than small-scale taxpayers (hereinafter referred
to as "general taxpayers"), the VAT refundable to purchasers due to
returns inward or discount allowed shall be deducted from the output tax
for the period in which the returns inward or discount allowed takes
place. The VAT recovered due to the returns outward or discount received
shall be deducted from the input tax for the period in which the returns
outward or discount received takes place.
Article 12
"Other charges" as mentioned in Article 6 of the Regulations refers
to handling fees, subsidies, funds, fund raising fees, profits sharing,
incentive bonus, damages on breach of contract (interest on deferred
payments), packaging charges, rentals on packaging materials, contingency
charges, quality charges, freight and loading and unloading charges,
commissioned receipts, commissioned payments and charges of any other
nature which is in addition to the price charged to the purchaser. The
following items nevertheless shall not be included:
(1) Output VAT collected from purchasers;
(2) Consumption Tax withheld on processing of consumer goods subject
to Consumption Tax;
(3) Disbursement of freight charges that satisfies both the following
conditions;
1. A freight invoice of transportation department was issued to the
purchaser; and
2. The same invoice is turned over by the taxpayer to the purchaser.
All other charges, regardless of the accounting treatment under the
accounting system adopted, shall be included in the sales amount in
computing the tax payable.
Article 13
Where the taxpayer is engaged in mixed sales activities and the
non-taxable services that are subject to VAT in accordance with Article 5
and Article 6 of these Detailed Rules, his sales amount shall be
respectively the sum the his sales amounts of goods and non-taxable
services, or the sum of the sales amounts of goods or taxable services and
the non-taxable services.
Article 14
For general taxpayers selling goods or taxable services that adopt
the pricing method of combining the sales amount and the output tax, the
sales amount shall be computed according to the following formula:
Sales amount including tax
Sales amount = ----------------------------
1 + tax rate
Article 15
Pursuant to the stipulations of Article 6 of the Regulations, if a
taxpayer settles the sales amount in foreign exchange, the Renminbi
conversion rate for the sales amount to be selected can be the foreign
exchange rate quoted by the State (the average rate in Principle)
prevailing on the date or that on the first day of the month in which the
sales take place. Taxpayers shall determine in advance the conversion
rate to be adopted. Once determined, no change is allowed within 1 year.
Article 16
For taxpayers whose prices are obviously low and without proper
justification as mentioned in Article 7 of the Regulations, or have
activities of selling goods as listed in Article 4 of these Detailed Rules
but without invoiced sales amounts, the sales amount shall be determined
according to the following sequence:
(1) Determined according to the average selling price of the taxpayer
on the same goods in the same month;
(2) Determined according to the average selling price of the taxpayer
on the same goods in the recent period;
(3) Determined according to the composite assessable value. The
formula of the composite assessable value shall be:
Composite assessable Value = Cost X (1 + cost plus margin)
For goods subject to Consumption Tax, the composite assessable value
shall include Consumption Tax payable.
"Cost" in the formula refers to the actual costs of products sold for
sales of self-produced goods; and the actual costs of purchases for sales
of purchased goods. The rate of cost-plus margin in the formula shall be
determined by the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 17
The "Purchase price" as mentioned in Paragraph 3, Article 8 of the
Regulations includes the price paid by taxpayers to agricultural producers
for purchasing tax-exempt agricultural products and the Agricultural
Special Product Tax withheld according to the regulations.
The "price paid" as mentioned in the preceding paragraph refers to
the price specified on the purchasing voucher approved for use by the
competent tax authorities.
Article 18
For mixed sales activities and non-taxable services which are subject
to VAT according to the stipulations of Article 5 and Article 6 of these
Detailed Rules, the input tax on goods purchased for use in the
non-taxable services involved in the mixed sales activities or in the
non-taxable services that satisfies the stipulations of Article 8 of the
Regulations is allowed to be credited from the output tax.
Article 19
"Fixed assets" as mentioned in Article 10 of the Regulations
refers to:
(1) Machinery, mechanical apparatus, means of transport, and other
equipment, tools and apparatus related to production or business
operations with a useful life of more than one year;
(2) Article that are not the main equipment for production or
business operations but with a unit value of more than 2000 yuan and a
useful life of more than two years.
Article 20
"Non-taxable items" as mentioned in Article 10 of the Regulations
refers to the provision of non-taxable services, the transfer of
intangible assets, the sales of immovable properties and fixed assets
under construction, etc.
The construction, re-construction, expansion, repairing and
decoration of buildings by the taxpayer, regardless of the accounting
treatment under the accounting system adopted, shall be included in the
"fixed assets under construction" as mentioned in the proceeding
paragraph.
Article 21
"Abnormal losses" as mentioned in Article 10 of the Regulations
refers to losses other than the normal wear and tear in the course of
production or business operations. They include:
(1) Losses due to natural disasters;
(2) Losses due to theft, spoilage or deterioration, etc., resulting
from improper management;
(3) Other abnormal losses.
Article 22
Where input tax has already been claimed on goods purchased or
taxable services under the circumstances listed in Paragraphs (2) to (6)
in Article 10 of the Regulations, the input tax of these goods purchased
or taxable services shall be deducted from the input tax of that period.
If that input tax cannot be determined accurately, the input tax to be
deducted shall be computed based on the actual costs of that period.
Article 23
For taxpayers engaged in tax-exempt items or non-taxable items (not
including fixed assets under construction) and where the input tax cannot
be determined accurately, the non-creditable input tax shall be computed
according to the following formula:
Sum of the sales amounts of
tax-exempt items and
turnover of non-taxable
Non-creditable Total input tax items of the month
= x --------------------
in put tax of the month Sum of the total sales
amount and turnover of
the month
Article 24
The standards for small-scale taxpayers as mentioned in Article 11 of
the Regulations are as follows:
(1) Taxpayers engaged in the production of goods or the provision of
taxable services, and taxpayers engaged principally in the production of
goods or provision of taxable services but also in wholesaling or
retailing of goods, the annual sales amount of which subject to VAT
(hereinafter referred to as "taxable sales amount") is below 1 million
yuan;
(2) Taxpayers engaged in wholesaling or retailing of goods, the
annual taxable sales amount of which is below 1.8 million yuan.
Regardless whether the annual taxable sales amounts exceed the
standards for small-scale taxpayers, individuals, non-enterprise units,
and enterprises which do not often have taxable activities, are chargeable
as small-scale taxpayers.
Article 25
The sales amount of small-scale taxpayers does not include the tax
payable.
For small-scale taxpayers selling goods or providing taxable services
that adopt the method of setting prices by combining the sales amount and
the tax payable, the sales amount is computed according to the following
formula:
Sales amount including tax
Sales amount = ----------------------------
1 + Assessable rate
Article 26
For small-scale taxpayers, the sales amount refunded to the
purchasers due to returns inward or discount allowed shall be deducted
from the sales amount for the period in which the returns inward or
discount allowed occurs.
Article 27
"Sound accounting" as stated in Article 14 of the Regulations refers
to the capability of accurately accounting for the output tax, input tax
and tax payable in accordance with the accounting regulations and the
requirements of the tax authorities.
Article 28
Individual operators that satisfy the conditions as prescribed in
Article 14 of the Regulations and after the approval of the bureaux
directly under the State Administration of Taxation can be confirmed as
general taxpayers.
Article 29
Once the small-scale taxpayers have been confirmed as general
taxpayers, they cannot be reclassified as small-scale taxpayers.
Article 30
General taxpayers in any of the following circumstances shall compute
the tax payable based on the sales amount and according to the VAT rates,
but no input tax can be credited and special VAT invoices shall not be
used:
(1) The accounting system is unsound or cannot provide accurate tax
information;
(2) The conditions of general taxpayers are satisfied but the
taxpayer has not applied or processed the confirmation procedures as
general taxpayers.
Article 31
The scope of part of the tax-exempt items listed in Article 16 of the
Regulations are prescribed as follows:
(1) "Agricultural" as mentioned in Item (1) of Paragraph (1) refers
to planting, breeding, forestry, animal husbandry and aquatic products
industry.
"Agricultural producers" includes units and individuals engaged in
agricultural production.
"Agricultural products" refers to primary agricultural products. The
detailed scope of this definition shall be determined by the taxation
bureaux directly under the State Administration of Taxation.
(2) "Antique books" as mentioned in Item (3) of Paragraph (1) refers
to the ancient books and old books purchased from the public.
(3) "Articles" as mentioned in Item (8) of Paragraph (1) refers to
goods other than yachts, motorcycles, and motor vehicles that are subject
to Consumption Tax.
"Articles which have been used" refers to goods that have been used
by "other individuals" as mentioned in Article 8 of these Detailed Rules.
Article 32
The scope of application of "VAT minimum threshold" as mentioned in
Article 18 of the Regulations is limited to individuals.
The range of the VAT minimum threshold are stipulated as
follows:
(1) The minimum threshold for sales of goods shall be monthly sales
amount of 600 to 2000 yuan.
(2) The minimum threshold for sales of taxable services shall be
monthly sales amount of 200 to 800 yuan.
(3) The minimum threshold for assessment on a transaction-by-
transaction basis shall be sales amount per transaction (or per day) of 50
to 80 yuan.
"Sales amount" as mentioned in the preceding paragraph refers to the
"sales amount of small-scale taxpayers" as mentioned in the first
paragraph of Article 25 of these Detailed Rules.
The bureaux directly under the State Administration of Taxation shall
determine the minimum threshold locally applicable within the prescribed
range and in accordance with the actual conditions and shall report these
amounts to the State Administration of Taxation for their records.
Article 33
The timing at which the tax liability arises on the sales of goods or
taxable services as prescribed in Item (1), Article 19 of the Regulations
is specified according to the different methods of settlement as follows:
(1) For sales of goods under the direct payment method, it shall be
the date on which the sales sum is received or the documented evidence of
the right to collect the sales sum is obtained, and the bills of lading
are delivered to purchasers, regardless whether the goods are delivered;
(2) For sales of goods where the sales amount is entrusted for
collection, including where entrusted to banks for collection, it shall be
the date on which the goods are delivered and the procedures for entrusted
collection are completed;
(3) For sales of goods on credit or receipt by installments, it shall
be the date of collection agreed according to the contracts;
(4) For sales of goods with payment received in advance, it shall be
the date on which the goods are delivered;
(5) For sales of goods on a consignment to other taxpayers, it shall
be the date on which the detailed account of consignment sales are
received from the consignee;
(6) For sales of taxable services, it shall be the date on which the
services are provided and the sales sum is received or the documented
evidence of the right to collect the sales sum is obtained;
(7) For taxpayers that have the activities that are considered as
sales of goods as listed from Item (3) to Item (8) in Article 4 of these
Detailed Rules, it shall be the date on which the goods are transferred.
Article 34
For overseas units or individuals selling taxable services within the
territory but have not set up any business establishment within the
territory, the agents shall be the withholding agents for their tax
payable. If there are no agents, the purchaser shall be the withholding
agent.
Article 35
For business without a fixed base selling goods or taxable services
in a different county (or city) and have not reported and paid tax with
the competent tax authorities where the sales take place, the competent
tax authorities of the location where the establishments are located or
where the individual resides shall collect the overdue tax.
Article 36
"Tax authorities" as mentioned in Article 20 of the Regulations is
the State Administration of Taxation, and the collecting authorities
thereunder.
"The competent tax authorities" and "the collecting authorities" as
mentioned in the Regulations and these Detailed Rules refer to branches
offices under the State Administration of Taxation at county level and
above.
Article 37
"Above" and "Below" as mentioned in these Detailed Rules also include
the figure or the level itself.
Article 38
These Detailed Rules shall be interpreted by the Ministry of Finance
or by the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 39
These Detailed rules shall be implemented on the date the Regulations
come into effect. The Implementation of the Draft Regulations of the People's Republic of China
on Value-Added Tax> and the

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